The Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) made one of the most important discoveries in history when he accidentally happened on the world’s first-ever antibiotic. Penicillin has been described as a “miracle cure” and the “single greatest victory ever achieved over disease.” The discovery, made in 1928, changed the course of medicine by starting the antibiotic revolution, and it has saved the lives of millions of people.
Saving Lives
Fleming first started to make history during the First World War, working as a doctor. He saw the death of many soldiers from sepsis resulting from infected wounds. In an article in the medical journal The Lancet, he said that antiseptics actually worsened some injuries, but he was ignored. He saved many soldiers’ lives by washing deep wounds with saline solution.
Anti-Bacterial Work
After the war, Fleming returned to St. Mary’s Hospital in London, where he had been investigating anti-bacterial substances. He was a very untidy worker, which actually contributed to his success. One day in 1922, clearing up his mouldy culture plates, he noticed that one was contaminated with bacteria. One area was clear, however, where a droplet of mucus had fallen from his nose weeks earlier. He then found that many body fluids contained a substance, an enzyme produced by humans that forms part of our innate immune system, which could dissolve certain bacteria. He named it ‘lysozyme’, and reported the discovery – but to no interest.
Serendipitous Discovery
In September 1928, Fleming returned to the lab after a holiday. He had carelessly left some plates containing bacteria on a bench. He noticed that one plate was contaminated with a fungus and the bacteria around the fungus had been destroyed. He famously said, “That’s funny”. The source of the contaminant came from a colleague’s lab below and had entered through an open window. Fleming identified the mould as being a rare strain of the genus Penicillium. He named the mould’s active bacteria-destroying ingredient Penicillin. It would turn out to be the most effective life-saving drug in the world! Amongst others, it affected bacteria that caused scarlet fever, pneumonia and meningitis.
A Practical Drug
Fleming published his discovery in 1929 but received little attention again. Then, in the early 1940s, a group of scientists in Oxford began studying the antibiotic’s molecular structure. Clinical trials finally verified its incredible efficacy. American pharmaceutical companies then began producing it in large quantities — enough, in fact, to treat every wounded Allied soldier in the Second World War.
Nobel Prize
In 1945, Fleming received the Nobel Prize. Fleming was a modest man. He once said: “When I woke up just after dawn on 3 September 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I suppose that was exactly what I did.”